Processing and preparation of tantalum

Ancient charcoal reduction bismuthinite Bi ₂ S ₃ made of bismuth, 1737 J. Errol decomposition bismuth mine fire, get a small piece of metal bismuth; 1757 CJ days Fu Luwa France with charcoal reduction bismuthinite Metal bismuth is also produced. Its name comes from the German mineral name, meaning white matter, because the compound can be used as a white paint. The content of strontium in the earth's crust is 2 × 10 ^-5 %. In the natural world, there are both free states and compound forms. The chemical states are mainly meteorites, also known as bismuth ore Bi ₂ O ₃ and stibnite. The free ruthenium has a distinct rhomboid structure and is a glittering pink brittle metal with a melting point of 271.3 ° C, a boiling point of 1560 ° C and a relative density of 9.8. The molten metal crucible expands by about 3.3% when solidified, and is strongly rejected by the magnetic field when it is at a right angle to the magnetic field lines. At room temperature, helium does not oxidize in the air and burns when heated to form antimony trioxide. It does not react with hydrochloric acid and dilute sulfuric acid, but it is soluble in nitric acid and hot concentrated sulfuric acid, which are not concentrated, and can form compounds with hydrogen, halogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. The hydrazine BiH ₃ of hydrazine is very unstable and decomposes at room temperature. Antimony trioxide is basic and soluble in acid to form cerium (III) salts. The white precipitated cerium (III) hydroxide can be prepared by reacting a base with a soluble salt of cerium (III):

Bi+4HNO ₃ =Bi(NO ₃ ) ₃ +NO↑+2H ₂ O

2Bi+6H ₂ SO ₄ =Bi ₂ (SO ₄ ) ₃ +3SO ₂ ↑+6H ₂ O

Bi(NO ₃ ) ₃ +3NaOH=Bi(OH) ₃ ↓+3NaNO ₃

Barium (III) hydroxide is a very weak base, so the cerium (III) salt is easily hydrolyzed and converted into a basic salt which is hardly soluble in water. The cerium nitrate pentahydrate is crystallized from a solution in which niobium and nitric acid interact, and is soluble in a small amount of water acidified by nitric acid. Hydrolysis occurs when the solution is diluted with water, and a basic salt is precipitated, the composition of which depends on the conditions, and a salt having a composition of BiONO ₃ is often formed. BiO ^{+ is} called decanoyl, also called é“‹ oxygen ion:

Bi(NO ₃ ) ₃ +H ₂ O=BiONO ₃ +2HNO ₃ (reversible)

Antimony trichloride is a hygroscopic crystal which is hydrolyzed to cerium chloride (or cerium chloride) BiOCl. The hydrogen sulfide is introduced into the cerium salt solution to obtain a dark brown precipitated antimony trisulfide . Unlike arsenic and antimony , bismuth does not form a thio acid salt, so the antimony trisulfide is insoluble in the alkali metal or ammonium sulfide solution. The most important of the compounds of ruthenium (V) is ruthenate. Such as sodium citrate. These compounds are strong oxides, and sodium citrate oxidizes Mn(II) in manganese sulfate to a permanganate of Mn(VII). Bismuth is also found in some organic compounds, especially in organic matter (tartrate) prepared by chemotherapy.

The main uses of bismuth: 1 for fire-resistant equipment, metal joints, components of low-melting (fusible) alloys for heat transfer media; 2 for the preparation of drugs for the treatment of stomach diseases and syphilis; 3 for electrical equipment (hot spot alloys and permanent magnets) 4 used as a catalyst, especially in the preparation of acrylonitrile; 5 to make high temperature ceramics and pigments; 6 antimony pentafluoride is a commonly used fluorinating agent in organic synthesis.

The metal ruthenium can be calcined from sulphide ore to form antimony trioxide, and then co-thermally reduced with carbon to obtain

The leaf sputum mine is extremely rare and lacks mineralogical data. Gaozhuang Pilsenite gold mine was first discovered in China, which is mainly produced in pyrrhotite  polymetallic stage, and pyrrhotite, pyrite, copper ore, tellurium, silver ore, gold and other natural symbiosis. According to the electronic probe analysis, the Gaozhuang gold mine has a variety of tellurides, and the composition of the three minerals is completely consistent with the standard sassafras. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was performed on a larger particle of the sapphire ore. The content of Au and Bi in the ore and surrounding rock is in a coextensive relationship. Te and Bi may play an important role in the migration and enrichment of Au and Ag.

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